The Structural Method

The Structural Method

Introduction

The Structural Method emerged from the principles of structural linguistics, which views language as a system of related elements that form a coherent whole. This method emphasizes the systematic presentation of language patterns and structures, focusing on the form and organization of language rather than meaning alone.

Historical Background

The Structural Method developed during the mid-20th century, influenced by the work of structural linguists such as Leonard Bloomfield and Charles Fries. It gained prominence as educators sought more scientific approaches to language teaching based on linguistic theory.

Key Principles

1. Language as Structure: Language is viewed as a system of interconnected structures and patterns
2. Pattern Practice: Students learn through repetitive practice of structural patterns
3. Systematic Presentation: Language elements are introduced in a logical, systematic order
4. Form Before Meaning: Emphasis on correct structural forms before semantic understanding
5. Habit Formation: Language learning through the formation of correct linguistic habits

Characteristics

• Systematic Progression: Language structures are presented from simple to complex
• Pattern Drills: Extensive use of substitution and transformation drills
• Grammatical Focus: Strong emphasis on grammatical accuracy
• Controlled Practice: Carefully controlled practice exercises
• Sequential Learning: Step-by-step progression through language structures

Classroom Procedures

1. Presentation: New structures are presented clearly with examples
2. Practice: Intensive drill work with structural patterns
3. Production: Controlled use of learned structures
4. Reinforcement: Review and consolidation of patterns

Advantages

• Provides systematic approach to language learning
• Ensures thorough grounding in basic structures
• Develops grammatical accuracy
• Offers clear progression for learners
• Builds strong foundation in language patterns

Limitations

• May lack focus on communicative competence
• Can be mechanical and repetitive
• Limited attention to meaning and context
• May not develop fluency effectively
• Rigid adherence to predetermined patterns

Modern Applications

While pure structural methods are less common today, structural principles continue to influence:

• Grammar-focused instruction
• Pattern recognition exercises
• Systematic curriculum design
• Form-focused instruction within communicative approaches

The Structural Method’s emphasis on systematic presentation and pattern recognition remains valuable in contemporary language teaching, particularly when integrated with communicative approaches.